HIST-317. Colonialism and Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean Credit 3(3-0)
This survey course begins with an examination of pre-Columbian societies. It then considers the changes that accompanied the various European colonial projects in the region, and the coming of Latin America's political independence. Topics considered include agrarian change and conflict, colonial economic practices, slave systems and slave cultural practices, indigenous resistance and rebellion, the spread and impact of Christianity, colonial state policies, and the role of women. Students will have the opportunity to develop their ability to analyze and evaluate historical materials, and formulate written and oral arguments.

HIST-318. Conflict and Change in Post-Colonial Latin America and the Caribbean Credit 3(3-0)
This course surveys social and political conflict and change beginning with the movements for political independence and concluding with an assessment of recent developments. Topics considered include agrarian change and conflict, economic development and underdevelopment, slave emancipation, gender, urbanization and populism, social revolution, labor, and international relations and foreign intervention. Students will have the opportunity to develop their ability to analyze and evaluate historical materials, and formulate written and oral arguments.

HIST-320. African History Through Art and Archaeology Credit 3(3-0)
Drawing heavily on the holdings of the Mattye Reed African Heritage Center and other museums, this course will demonstrate how to use material culture collections of art, artifacts, and archaeological findings to document and interpret African history.

HIST-321. Cultural History, Ethnicity, and Ethnographic Credit 3(3-0)
Collections in America.  By drawing upon the ethnographic and multicultural collections of museums in North Carolina, students will become familiar with the role that museums can play in documenting and interpreting the culturally diverse history of the United States.

HIST-330. History of the Far East to 1800 Credit 3(3-0)
A study of the history and culture of the Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese peoples from the early classical civilizations to the middle Ch'ing.

HIST-331. History of the Far East Since 1800 Credit 3(3-0)
Areas of study include: traditional China under the Ch'ing the impact of the West, feudal Japan, modernization in Meiji Japan, the Chinese Revolutions, and the Chinese model in Vietnam.

HIST-332. The Modern Middle East Credit 3(3-0)
This course will focus on the Middle East from the mid 19th century to present. Areas of study will include: the nature of Islamic society; the rise of nationalism and independence movements; the creation of the state of Israel, and the Arab-Israeli conflict.

HIST-334. Honors in History Credit 3(3-0)
Intensive reading and study or research in the field of history for departmental majors with a 3.0 average.

HIST-340. History of England Credit 3(3-0)
This course concentrates on English history since 1688. Special attention is given to the following topics: Glorious Revolution, industrialization, imperialism, decolonization, Victorianism, Ireland, and contemporary English society.

HIST-350. Russian History Credit 3(3-0)
This course surveys the history of Russia from earliest times to the present, with emphasis on the Twentieth Century.

HIST-360. The Old South Credit 3(3-0)
This course will focus upon the social, political, cultural, and economic evolution of the Old South from the 17th century through the Civil War and Reconstruction eras. In addition, the question of Southern distinctiveness and the tension between democracy and slavery will be analyzed. Issues of race, class, gender and religion will also be central to the course's investigation of rural and urban development in Southern society through 1877. North Carolina will be used frequently as a case in point.

HIST-361. History of the New South Credit 3(3-0)
This course offers a chronological exploration of the history of the South from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the development of the concept of "the New South" to the politics and culture of the "Sunbelt South" of today. Major topics will include the political, economic and social conditions after Reconstruction; the myths and realities of the "New South"; Populism and Fusion politics; segregation and disfranchisement in the "New South"; the South in the Progressive Era and World War I; race, religion, gender, class and culture; the Depression and the new Deal; the South after World War II; urbanization and industrialization; and the Civil Rights movement. North Carolina will be used frequently as a case in point.

HIST-401. Old Testament History and Literature Credit 3(3-0)
A survey of the books sacred to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam commonly called the Old Testament, in the context of the history of the people of Israel who composed them.

HIST-402. The Rise of Christianity Credit 3(3-0)
A historical study of the origins and development of the Christian Church from its beginnings to the end of the ancient world (around 476 A.D.). The political, social, economic, intellectual, and religious environment will be considered equally along with the internal development of Christian institutions, beliefs, and practices.

HIST-407. American Diplomatic History Since 1900 Credit 3(3-0)
American foreign policy and diplomacy from the Spanish-American War to the present. Emphasis on the impact of foreign policy upon domestic (U.S.) society and the growing involvement of the U.S. in international relations. Students are encouraged to understand fully and think critically about America's role in the world.

HIST-408. Early Modern Europe: Renaissance to 1815 Credit 3(3-0)
A survey of major trends in the development of early modern Europe. Topics to be discussed include: Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Absolutism, and the French Revolution.

HIST-409. Modern Europe Since 1815 Credit 3(3-0 )
A survey emphasizing main trends in European development including political and social impact of the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, authoritarianism vs. Liberalism, church vs. state, nationalism, imperialism, World Wars I and II, Communism, Nazism, and present day Europe.

HIST-410. American Constitutional History Credit 3(3-0)
Development of American constitutionalism from English origins to the present. Emphasis on the development of separation of powers, states' rights, the Supreme Court, and the sectional controversy, economic regulations, and the modernization of the Bill of Rights, especially problems of desegregation, free speech, obscenity, and criminal justice.

HIST-412. Modernization in Africa from 1920 to the Present Credit 3(3-0)
The study of African development since World War I. Areas of study include: nationalism and independence movements, conflicts between traditional and modern ideas, United States and African relations, and racism in Southern Africa.

HIST-414. Nationalism Credit 3(3-0)
Nationalism is one of the most powerful forces in the modern world and is at the root of many of the problems facing humanity.  This theoretical and comparative course will utilize scholarship from a variety of disciplines (history, political science, sociology and geography) in order to examine how and why individuals have joined together to construct a collective identity and how the present draws upon the past to make nationalism. Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

HIST-415. The Automobile and the Making of Modern America Credit 3(3-0)
No country on earth has embraced the automobile as thoroughly as the United States. This course analyzes the reasons for the American love affair with the car and the impact of automobile on American society and culture from the early Twentieth century to the present. Topics discussed include the advent of mass production as pioneered by Henry Ford, the transformation of the American landscape to meet the needs of the car, the growth of big labor, the rise of consumer culture, the car as a cultural icon, environmental problems created by unchecked automobile use, the Japanese challenge to American industrial practices, and current efforts to reinvent the car to meet the needs of the future. Prerequisite: HIST 205 or 220 or permission of the instructor.

HIST-416. History of African-American Culture Credit 3(3-0)
This course begins with an investigation of early African-American cultural developments, folk culture, and religious expression in Antebellum America. It also pays special attention to the cultural trends of the twentieth century, the "Harlem Renaissance," and urban life.

HIST-419. Ethno nationalism and Genocide in Eastern Europe Credit 3(3-0)
For most of the recent past the nations of Eastern Europe have been prevented from asserting their identities fully in independent nation states.  In such conditions the idea of the nation became utopian.  When finally realized after the collapse of the Soviet Union it turned into a dystopia that has since engendered endless conflicts and resulted in the rise of ethno nationalism throughout Eastern Europe, led to genocide in the Balkans and still threatens pace and stability in the region today.  The critique of nationalism from the standpoint of democracy and the relationship between democracy and nationalism will also be examined. Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

HIST-420. Seminar: Urban America Credit 3(3-0)
Special topics in the rise of the American city and the development of urban patterns of life, concentration on such themes as population shifts to cities, the development of slums and ghettos, growth of municipal institutions and services, and the relationship of government with city residents. Prerequisites: HIST 205 and consent of the instructor.

HIST-421. Exploring Europe's 'Others' Credit 3(3-0)
This class will examine that deliberate historical construction of the image of "Eastern" Europe and the "Balkans" which categorized entire peoples as being half-barbarian and thus only half-civilized.  This served to convince "Western" Europeans of their own superiority so that the terms "Eastern" Europe and "Balkans" became synonymous with ethnic hatred, backwardness and barbarism.  We will look at literature from these regions in order to understand their struggle to confront, resist and critique these stereotypes. Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

HIST-422. Colonizer and Colonized: The British Imperial Experience Credit 3(3-0)
Imperialism was a shared experience that remade the cultures of both the colonized and the colonizers.  Using Great Britain in general and London in particular as a basis for comparison, we will begin with a discussion of the classic interpretations and criticisms of empire and then look at how the imperial experience changed Victorian England into today's vibrant multicultural and multiracial society.  We will also examine the psychological effects of empire on both colonizers and colonized through the reading of several classic novels. Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

HIST-423. The History of Women in Africa Credit 3(3-0)
The image of African women as seen in popular media has often given negative and stereotypical images of the role of women on the continent.  This course intends to correct that image.  It will show that women in Africa have always made significant contribution to the history of the continent and the world in various areas: economic, social, political and cultural.  The course intends to highlight contributions from the pre-historic era to the present. Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

HIST-425. Topics in African-American History Credit 3(3-0)
This is an intensive reading, research, and discussion course that will address selected topics in African-American history, including: the African background, the institution of slavery, Abolitionism, the Reconstruction era, migration out of the South, the Civil Rights movement, and African-American intellectual traditions. Prerequisite: HIST 201 and 202 or permission of the instructor.

HIST-430. Topics in Twentieth Century American History Credit 3(3-0)
In depth analysis of selected topics since the late nineteenth century, with special emphasis on written historical communication. Prerequisites: 6 hours of American history (204 and 205) and the consent of the instructor.

HIST-433. United States-East Asian Relations 3(3-0)
This course examines the evolution of the relations between the United States and East Asian countries in the 19th and 20th centuries.  It will focus on such themes as mutual perceptions of Americans and East Asians, activities of American merchants and missionaries in the region, East Asian immigration to the United States, the Pacific War, the Korean War, the Vietnamese War, and the normalization of Sino-American relations. 

HIST-435. Global History Since 1945 Credit 3(3-0)
At the end of World War II, the world political order was fundamentally restructured. The old European empires soon came to an end and the world was divided into two dominant blocks. This course explores the coming into being of the bipolar world order of the postwar period and its eventual demise. Special attention will be given to such issues as global vs. local cultures and social formations, development vs. underdevelopment, economic inequalities between the northern and southern hemispheres of the globe, wars of national liberation, ethnicity and nationalism, technological change and the environmental impact of technology, nation states vs. multi-national corporations, and the transformation of global capitalism. The final section of the course will deal with the definitions of postmodernity and their relevance for analyzing the developments in the postwar world. Prerequisite: HIST 101 or permission of the instructor.

HIST-450. Modernization in Historical Perspective Credit 3(3-0)
This course concentrates on an analysis of the various paths to modernity taken by several
advanced societies, notably the United States, England, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan. Particular, attention will be devoted to the causes and effects of: industrialization, population growth, urbanization, social protest, changes in family structure, intellectual responses to rapid change, and the development of the modern state.

HIST-455. Comparative Slavery of the Americas Credit 3(3-0)
This course compares the development of different slave labor systems in the Americas from the Fifteenth through the Nineteenth centuries. After a brief consideration of slavery in the ancient world, the course examines the African origins of the slaves; the Atlantic slave trade; and slave life, work, culture, resistance, and emancipation in North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

HIST-477. Technology, Empire, and Popular Culture Credit 3(3-0)
The course focuses on the technologies of the New Imperialism of the late Nineteenth Century both in the context of their use against native populations in various parts of the world and as mechanisms for building consensus in home countries for imperial adventures abroad. It will also examine the process whereby East Asia, South and Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa were consolidated into a new global system of Western dominance. Sites such as international expositions, public museums and libraries, and new forms of mass culture and amusement will be explored to demonstrate the appeal of empire in the West. Prerequisite: HIST 250 and 101 or 205 or permission of the instructor.

HIST-501. 20th and 21st Century Women Activists of the World Credit 3(3-0)
This course is designed to introduces students to women activists, many of them not widely known to the general audience, who fought or are still fighting for social and economic change and justice in the United States and around the world.  Women of all races, economic classes, and varying geographic locations will be studied.  The class will examine a multitude of issues for which these women advocated, expanding student understanding of the role of global female activism.  The emphasis upon "struggle over time" and "strategies for change" make this an important conversation for men and women alike. Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

HIST-502. Research Seminar in Africana Historiography: A comparative Approach Credit 3(3-0)
This course takes a comparative and interdisciplinary approach to studying the historiography of Africans in Africa and throughout the Diaspora.  The primary course objective is for students to learn the general chronology and methodological approaches of Africana historians.  Students will utilize anti-colonial, liberation, and critical theory paradigms in their research. Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

HIST-599. Senior Seminar Credit 3(3-0)
This is a capstone course for undergraduate majors in the History Department. The course will address enduring topics of historical interest requiring extensive readings and a research paper. Prerequisite: Senior standing with a major in History or History Education. Others students
may take the course with the permission of the instructor.

CUIN-536. Methods of Teaching the Social Sciences Credit 3(3-0)
A study of techniques of social science instruction on the high school level. Required of those planning to teach the subject. Prerequisites: 27 semester hours of Social Studies and 15 semester hours of Education and Psychology.

Course Offerings in History for Advanced Undergraduate and Graduate Students

HIST-600. The British Colonies and the American Revolution Credit 3(3-0)
The planting and maturation of the English colonies of North America. Relationships between Europeans, Indians, and transplanted Africans, constitutional development, religious ferment, and the colonial economy are studied.

HIST-603. Civil War and Reconstruction Credit 3(3-0)
Causes as well as constitutional and diplomatic aspects of the Civil War, the role of the AfroAmerican in slavery, in war, and in freedom, and the socioeconomic and political aspects of Congressional Reconstruction and the emergence of the New South are studied.

HIST-605. Twentieth Century Russian History Credit 3(3-0)
This is a reading, research, and discussion course that examines the history of Twentieth
century Russia with special emphasis on the Russian Revolution, the development of Communist society, the impact and legacy of Stalin, relations with the United States and other countries during the Cold War, the demise of the Soviet Union, and current problems facing post-Soviet Russia.

HIST-606. U.S. History, 1900-1932 Credit 3(3-0)
Emphasizes political, economic, social, cultural and diplomatic developments from 1900 to
1932 with special attention to their effect upon the people of the United States and their influence on the changing role of the U.S. in world affairs.

HIST-607. U.S. Since 1932 Present Credit 3(3-0)
With special emphasis on the Great Depression, New Deal, the Great Society, and the
expanding role of the United States as a world power, World War II, Cold War, and Korean and Vietnam conflicts are studied. Major themes include the origin, consolidation, and expansion of the New Deal, the growth of executive power, the origins and spread of the Cold War, civil liberties, civil rights, and challenges for the extension of political and economic equality & the protection of the environment.

HIST-610. Seminar in the History of Twentieth Century Technology Credit 3(3-0)
A reading, research, and discussion course which investigates the development and, especially, the impact of major Twentieth century technologies. Attention will also be given to the process of invention, the relationship between science and technology, and the ethical problems associated with some contemporary technologies.

HIST-615. Seminar in African-American History Credit 3(3-0)
This is a reading, research, and discussion course which concentrates on various aspects of the life and history of African-Americans. The emphasis is placed on historiography and major themes including nationalism, black leadership and ideologies, and economic development.

HIST-616. Seminar in African History Credit 3(3-0)
Research, writing, and discussion on selected topics in African history.

HIST-617. Readings in African History Credit 3(3-0)
By arrangement with instructor.

HIST-619. Modern China Credit 3(3-0)
This is course will begin with attention to the main characteristics of traditional Chinese civilization.  The focus will be on the political, social, economic, and intellectual changes in Chinese society from the 1840s to the present.

HIST-620. Seminar in Asian History Credit 3(3-0)
Research, writing, and selected topics in Asian history.

HIST-621. Seminar in Latin American and Caribbean History Credit 3(3-0)
This course requires research, writing and discussion of selected topics in Latin American and Caribbean History including, urban and rural conflict, social revolution, race relations, problems of underdevelopment, and contemporary issues.

HIST-622. History of Asian Women Credit 3(3-0)
This course first briefly examines the conditions of Asian (especially South Asian and East Asian) women in traditional societies and then focuses on the changes in women's status in modern times (since 1800).  It covers primarily the following topics: women and economic modernization (especially the impact of industrialization on women), the impact of the introduction of Western ideas (such as feminism) on women, women and wars (revolutions)-especially in China, Korea, and Vietnam, women and crimes, women's political participation, and gender relations.

HIST-623. Topics in East Asian Culture Credit 3(3-0)
This course first aims at illuminating some key features of East Asian culture, especially in modern times.  It is concerned with East Asians' beliefs on a variety of issues (e.g. human relations, man-nature relations, state-society relations, and health) and the changes of these beliefs in the context of Western influence.  Considerable attention will be given to such major intellectual schools as Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism.

HIST-625. Seminar in Historiography and Historical Method Credit 3(3-0)
The study of the writing of history as well as training in research methodology and
communication, including basic computer and quantification skills.

HIST-626. Revolutions in the Modern World Credit 3(3-0)
A seminar course stressing comparative analysis of revolutions and revolutionary movements in the United States, France, Russia, China, Cuba, and Iran. Students will also evaluate theories of revolution in light of historical examples.

HIST-628. The Civil Rights Movement Credit 3(3-0)
From original research, class lectures, and discussions, students will become familiar with the nature of the Civil Rights movement; will evaluate its successes and failures; and will analyze the goals and tactics of each major participating Civil Rights organization. Students will also evaluate the impact of the Civil Rights movement on American society.

HIST-630. Studies in European History, 1815-1914 Credit 3(3-0)
Intensive study of selected topics in Nineteenth Century European history.

HIST-631. Studies in Twentieth Century Europe, 1914-Present Credit 3(3-0)
This course offers an intensive study of key topics in twentieth century European history, including World Wars I and II, the Russian Revolution, Hitler and the Holocaust, the Depression, the Cold War and bipolarism, the Welfare State, the Common Market, the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe, and current problems.

HIST-633. Independent Study in History Credit 3(3-0)
By arrangement with instructor.

Course Offerings in History for Graduate Students Only

HIST-701. Recent United States Diplomatic History Credit 3(3-0)
Episodes in the history of American foreign relations that were especially important in
influencing persistent patterns of this nation's role in international relations. Possible examples studied: Pearl Harbor, the Cold War, Korean War, Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam, nuclear arms limitation, and black Africa.

HIST-703. The Pacific War Credit 3(3-0)
This course examines the origins, conduct, and consequences of the Pacific War, which was an important part of World War II.  This course will discuss the rise of Japan as a world power and its expansion in East Asia, particularly in China, and Southeast Asia.  The course will also explore why and how Japan came into military conflict with the Unites States in the Pacific region, which resulted in the collapse of the Japanese colonial empire.

HIST-712. Twentieth Century African-American History Credit 3(3-0)
This course involves research, reading, discussion, and analysis of major facets of African-American life in the United States from 1900 to the present. It requires a major research paper.

HIST-730. Seminar in History Credit 3(3-0)
Topics to be selected by students and instructor. Includes a major research project.

HIST-740. History, Social Sciences, and Contemporary World Problems Credit 3(3-0)
Readings, discussions, and reports on the relationships between history and the social sciences as a whole, as well as their combined roles in dealing with contemporary world problems.

HIST-750. Thesis in History Credit 3(3-0)
Thesis work will be done with the appropriate instructor in accordance with field of interest.

CUIN-725. Problems and Trends in Teaching the Social Sciences Credit 3(3-0)
Current strategies, methods, and materials for teaching the social sciences. Emphasis on innovations, evaluation and relation to learning. Provision for clinical experiences.

Course Offerings in Philosophy

PHIL-260. Introduction to Philosophy Credit 3(3-0)
An introductory course covering such topics as theories of reality, the nature in mind and knowledge, and the higher values of life.

PHIL-261. History of Philosophy Credit 3(3-0)
The history of philosophic thought is traced from ancient Greek philosophers to modern philosophers through Hegel.

PHIL-262. Logic Credit 3(3-0)
An introductory course designed to give a critical analysis of the principles, problems and fallacies in reasoning.

PHIL-263. Ethics of the Good Life & Character Building 3(3-0)
This course explores the role of ethics in achieving a good life. The goal is to encourage students to reflect about their motivations and to contemplate the sort of character they might aspire to build. Questions examined include: What virtues make a person good? To what extent is self-interest compatible with being a virtuous person? What makes life meaningful? Why should we act morally and show concern for others?

PHIL-264. Contemporary African American Philosophy 3(3-0)
This course has two objectives. First, it exposes students to the contributions made by African Americans to philosophy. Second, it explores issues of philosophy unique to the African American experience. Readings are drawn from both contemporary and classic sources. Comparisons between African American and African philosophy will be made.

PHIL-265. World Religions 3(3-0)
This course examines the teachings and practices of the world’s major religions. This exploration is conducted as a factual approach in which the history, beliefs, philosophy, practices and important figures of each religion are presented. Religions covered include African and Native American oral traditions, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Shinto, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and new religious movements.

PHIL-266. Contemporary Moral Problems 3(3-0)
This course begins with an examination of various ethical theories and then applies these theories to address moral challenges faced by today’s society. Topics include the environment, abortion, treatment of animals, drug use, pornography, hate speech, euthanasia, famine relief, affirmative action and the death penalty.

PHIL-309. Contemporary Philosophy Credit 3(3-0)
A critical investigation of some contemporary movements in philosophy with special emphasis on existentialism, pragmatism, and positivism.

PHIL-400. Ancient Philosophy 3(3-0)
This course will examine the history of philosophy from the ancient Greeks to medieval Europeans. Philosophers discussed include the pre-Socratics, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, and Augustine. Topics will range from theories of nature, persons, happiness, human knowledge, the good life, and the existence of God. Special focus will be on how each philosopher progressed ideas during this time period thus setting the stage for modern philosophy.

PHIL-401. Modern Philosophy 3(3-0)
This course will examine the history of philosophy from Descartes through Kant. Special focus will be given to the Rationalist (Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza) and the Empiricists (Locke, Berkeley, and Hume). Topics discussed include the possibility of human knowledge, the existence of God, the nature of causation, and the mind-body problem. How the moderns differed from the ancients, the impact the moderns had on the direction of philosophy, and the role women played in this philosophical change will also be explored.

PHIL-402. Philosophy of Law 3(3-0)
This course is a philosophical investigation into the nature of law.  Students will examine various theories of jurisprudence including natural law, legal positivism, legal naturalism, and legal realism.  The course will also consider the relationship between law and morality and between equality and the law.  Finally, students will investigate various philosophical problems in criminal and tort law. Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

PHIL-441. Media Ethics 3(3-0)
This course applies ethical theory to issues within the media profession.  The course begins with an examination of major ethical approaches and decision-making strategies and examines some ethical challenges faced by media professionals.  Topics include privacy versus "the right to know," deceptive practices, media accountability, conflicts of interest, the public interest versus ratings, and the Digital Millennium Act. Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

Course Offerings in Geography

GEOG-200. Principles of Geography Credit 3(3-0)
This course surveys the physical characteristics of the earth's surface including landforms, climates, vegetation and soils. The emphasis is on global variations and interactions among these physical characteristics.

GEOG-210. World Regional Geography Credit 3(3-0)
A survey of the geographic character of the major culture regions of the world. Contemporary cultural characteristics are examined within the framework of both environmental relationships and historical development.

GEOG-319. Regional Geography of the United States and Canada Credit 3(3-0)
A study of geographic regions of the United States and Canada.

GEOG-322. Economic Geography Credit 3(3-0)
This course is a geographical survey of major economic activity with emphasis on global patterns of production and exchange of commodities that are strategic in sustaining the world's population and modern economic development.

Course Offerings in Geography for Advanced Undergraduate and Graduate Students

GEOG-640. Topics in Geography of the United States and Canada Credit 3(3-0)
Selected topics in cultural geography of the United States and Canada are studied intensively. Emphasis is placed upon individual reading and research and upon group discussion.

GEOG-641. Topics in World Geography Credit 3(3-0)
Selected topics in geography are studied intensively. Concern is for cultural characteristics and their interrelationships with each other and with habitat. Emphasis is upon reading, research, and discussion.