Medical Library
The Health Information Library™ is a collection of more than 1,000 fact sheets on a broad range of health topics. Written by a team of health care professionals from a consumer’s perspective, the Library is routinely updated to reflect new advances in medicine.
Click on any of the health categories listed below to view a catalog of fact sheets dealing with that particular topic
Health Information Categories
Allergies
Arthritis
Back & Neck
Blood & Circulatory
Bones, Joints, & Muscles
Cancer
Cardiovascular Health
Dental
Diabetes
Drug Abuse
Throat
Eating Disorders
Foot Care
General Health
HIV Infections / AIDS
Hormonal Disorders
Infectious Diseases
Medications
Newborn Care
Nutrition
Personal Safety
Pregnancy & Childbirth
Preparing for Emergencies
Respiratory Problems
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Skin Health
Smoking
Stress & How to Cope
Urinary & Genital Systems
Weight Control
Women's Health
Disclaimer:
The health information available from this site should not be construed as medical advice. Always consult with a medical professional about treatment of a medical condition or problem.
Health Care - Health Information Library
WHAT IS AN ALLERGY?
An allergy is the result of the body's immune system reacting to a substance that is not normal (foreign) to the body. The most common ALLERGIC CONDITIONS include hay fever, asthma, skin, and food allergies. The basic cause of allergy is unknown. Allergies run in families, but there are other factors as well. For example, breast-fed babies are less likely to have allergies than are bottle-fed babies. It is not known why a person can become sensitive to some things and not to others.
Many substances are capable of causing an ALLERGIC REACTION. The most common are pollen, mold, house dust, animal hair and dander, feathers, food, drugs, and insect stings. These allergens cause different kinds of allergic reactions. Pollen of trees, grasses, weeds, or molds cause HAY FEVER. Hay fever symptoms include sneezing, itching and weeping eyes, stuffy or runny nose, and cough.
ASTHMA results from a partial closing of the airways of the lungs. The main symptoms are wheezing and shortness of breath. Pollens, molds, house dust, exercise, infection, weather changes, and stress can trigger asthma attacks.
SKIN ALLERGIES, such as contact rashes and eczema, affect the skin. Contact with allergens like plants, nickel, and dyes can produce itchy rashes and weeping blisters. Hives may be small, red, itchy inflamed swellings found in clusters on the skin. They also may be large, join together, and cover a large portion of the skin.
CERTAIN FOODS may also cause allergic symptoms. Common ones include fish, eggs, milk, nuts, and wheat. Symptoms include diarrhea, hives, eczema, headaches, asthma, and a runny nose. Food allergies often occur in children, who usually outgrow it after age 6.
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK is the most serious kind of allergic reaction and is life-threatening. It affects many areas of the body at the same time. Insect stings, certain foods, and drugs such as penicillin may cause it. Within seconds or minutes, allergic shock affects breathing and circulation. If not treated right away, breathing may stop and death may occur.
Whatever the type of allergy, learning the cause can help in effectively avoiding or managing the symptoms.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File ALLE4158.rf2 VMX# 4158 Data Version 5.0
Copyright 1999-2000 iMcKesson LLC. All rights reserved.
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WHAT IS AN ARTHRITIS?
Millions of people have arthritis. Arthritis is a leading cause of disability. It effects and limits everyday activities. It is an inflammatory disorder of the joints that may produce pain and swelling and lasts a lifetime.
JOINTS are located wherever two or more bones meet. Cartilage and a lubricating fluid form a smooth gliding surface for the bones of the joint. Ligaments hold the joint together. When joints become injured or diseased, they swell. Over 100 types of arthritis affect the joints and connective tissues of the body.
INFLAMMATION is a normal part of the body's defense system. It is a natural reaction to injury. Inflammation causes swelling, pain, and redness. It also decreases motion in the affected area. With arthritis, inflammation becomes part of the problem. It causes tissue damage that the body tries to handle by creating more inflammation. This painful cycle of destruction changes the bones and other joint tissues and limits their function.
The CAUSE of arthritis is unknown, although clues are being uncovered. For example, people with certain gene types are prone to certain forms of arthritis. There also seem to be infections that trigger the onset of arthritis.
Each type of arthritis has different symptoms and patterns and each requires different treatments. The most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, followed by spinal arthritis, lupus, gout, scleroderma, and juvenile arthritis.
Some forms of arthritis go through cycles of getting better and worse. A FLARE-UP means the disease is more active. During this time, there is increased morning stiffness, more pain and swelling in the joints, involvement of new joints, and increased tiredness and fatigue. Flare-ups can occur after eating a specific food. Milk is the most common offender. Other foods that can cause flare-ups are shrimp, wheat products, and certain meats.
TREATMENT for most forms of arthritis includes drugs, exercise, and rest. Joint protection and surgery are sometimes needed as well.
If you are having symptoms of arthritis see your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation, diagnosis, and a treatment plan. Become involved with the plan, ask questions, become a part of the treatment for it involves you.
To learn more about arthritis, call the Arthritis Foundation at (800) 283-7800.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File ARTH4177.rf2 VMX# 4177 Data Version 5.0
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BACK PAIN
Most people have low back pain at some time in their lives. Back pain is responsible for many lost workdays each year. Most acute back injuries heal on their own within 8 to 12 weeks.
SELF-CARE FOR TREATING LOW BACK PAIN:
* Spinal manipulation may help decrease pain and speed recovery. Osteopaths, chiropractors, physical therapists, or other healthcare providers can provide this treatment. They can also develop a conditioning program specific to your back problem.
* Gentle exercises, may help relieve short-term lower back pain.
* Over-the-counter drugs (such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen) can relieve back pain.
The best way to avoid back injury is to LIFT CAREFULLY. Bend with your knees and not your back. Stay within your physical limits. Begin new activities slowly.
OVERALL FITNESS AFFECTS LOWER BACK HEALTH. Aerobic exercise decreases the risk for early deterioration of the spine. Strong belly muscles are important for back support. Extra weight from fat around the belly can strain back muscles, distort posture, and compress the disks in the lower back. If you are overweight, LOSE WEIGHT in order to relieve the stress that being overweight puts on your back and its supportive structures.
EXERCISE can help strengthen the back. Avoid exercises that increase the risk of low back pain.
Exercises you should NOT do include:
* straight leg sit-ups
* bent leg sit-ups
* leg lifts while lying on your back
* lifting heavy weights above the waist
* any stretching done while sitting with the legs in a V and
* toe touches while standing
Taking part in sports and recreational activities is fun. Sports that are low risk for causing low back pain include biking, hiking, swimming, fishing, scuba diving, and sailing. Sports with moderate risk include baseball, basketball, bowling, golf, skating, softball, ping-pong, water-skiing, canoeing, rowing, fencing, cross-country skiing, badminton, and archery. Sports with high risk for causing low back pain include football, gymnastics, weight lifting, tennis, downhill skiing, sledding, and wind-surfing.
MEDICATION CAUTIONS:
1. Do NOT give aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or aspirin-containing products to anyone age 18 years or younger because of the risk of a serious illness called Reye's syndrome.
2. Acetaminophen should not be taken by anyone with known liver or kidney disease. Do not drink alcohol when taking more than 1 dose of acetaminophen.
3. Take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with food or milk to prevent stomach irritation. Do NOT give NSAIDs to anyone with asthma or increased risk of bleeding (such as, ulcer disease, following surgery, significant trauma, major dental work, if taking blood thinners [anticoagulants] or have a known bleeding disorder).
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
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ANEMIA
Anemia is a disorder of the blood with a low number of red blood cells in the bloodstream. Red blood cells deliver oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body. They also pick up carbon dioxide from the body and carry it to the lungs. Anemia may result from a decrease in the production of red blood cells, an increase in the destruction of the red blood cells, or by blood loss.
There are several types of anemia. Women are more likely than men to have anemia because of the loss of blood each month through menstruation. Iron deficiency anemia is common. Other CAUSES include:
* heredity
* a diet deficiency
* pregnancy
* chronic disease
* injury or
* other problems
The early signs and symptoms of anemia may be so mild that they are overlooked. The symptoms get worse as the blood disorder progresses. Watch for signs of weakness, fatigue, and pale skin, gums, and nailbeds. In people of color, look for signs of paleness in the mouth, inside the eyelids, or the palms of the hands.
SYMPTOMS OF SERIOUS ANEMIA INCLUDE:
* shortness of breath
* dizziness
* headache
* problems sleeping
* reduced exercise endurance
* rapid heartbeats
* chest pain and
* heart failure
Any one having these symptoms should check with a healthcare provider. The diagnosis of anemia is made by blood tests. The type of anemia determines the appropriate treatment.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File BLOO4211.RF2 VMX# 4211 Data Version 5.0
Copyright 1999-2000 iMckesson LLC. All rights reserve
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WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of the cells in any part of the body. This growth interferes with the way your body normally functions.
There are many kinds of cells that make up the tissue in a human body. Cells make new cells by dividing. Some cells stop dividing when they become adult cells. Other cells constantly divide, such as those of your skin, hair, and blood. Some divide only if there has been damage somewhere in your body. They "turn on" only until the damage has been repaired. Cancer tissues have lost their ability to "turn off" their growth. They eventually crowd out healthy tissues, disrupting your body's ability to do what it needs to do.
There are over 100 different kinds of cancer. Many people will get some form of cancer in their lifetime. The good news is that almost half (4 in 10) of them will be cured for at least five years.
Your chances of being cured increase greatly with getting an early, accurate diagnosis, quickly starting the appropriate treatment, and getting follow-up evaluations.
The most common ways of treating cancer are with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. These can be used alone or in combination.
There are new therapies being developed every day by researchers looking for better options for cancer patients. Research is also being done in the area of preventing cancer.
To learn more about cancer, call your local chapter of the American Cancer Society at (800) ACS-2345 or the National Cancer Institute at (800) 4-CANCER.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File CANC4283.RF2 VMX# 6471 Data Version 5.0
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CHOOSING A DENTIST
Dentists are trained to help you care for your teeth and gums. Regular visits to the dentist help ensure a healthy mouth. By carefully choosing the right dentist, many problems may be avoided.
HERE ARE A FEW TIPS ON LOCATING A GOOD DENTIST:
* ask family, friends, or a coworker for recommendations
* ask your family doctor or local pharmacist
* call or write the local dental society to provide referrals
* ask faculty members of local dental schools
* if you are moving, your current dentist may offer some recommendations
* if you have dental insurance, ask for a list of dental providers on your plan
* check to see if hours and locations are convenient for you
* ask how long the dentist has been in practice in the community
* ask about fees and payment information before treatment begins
* find out how dental emergencies are handled
You and your dentist are partners in maintaining your oral health. Take the time to ask questions. Take notes to help you remember your dentist's advice. For more information, contact your American Dental Association at (800) 621-8099.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File DENT4373.rf2 VMX# 4373 Data Version 5.0
Copyright 1998 iMcKesson LLC. All rights reserved .
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DIABETES AND EXERCISE
People with diabetes should exercise routinely, because exercise plays an important role in regulating blood sugar. Check with your healthcare provider before starting an exercise program. When blood sugar levels are regularly over 250, exercise can actually increase them. If your blood sugar levels are regularly lower than 250, exercise will help to lower them.
EXERCISE:
* helps the body use insulin more efficiently
* prevents or reduces complications and risks associated with diabetes
* helps build muscle, which can burn fat faster and control blood sugar
* assists in weight control
* raises the good cholesterol called HDL
* lowers blood pressure
* improves the ability to do everyday tasks and
* helps reduce stress and enhance the sense of well-being
The BEST TYPES of exercises are aerobic and strength building exercises. AEROBIC EXERCISES use the large muscle groups constantly. Aerobic exercises should be used for at least 20 minutes, or longer. These exercises include activities like walking, jogging, swimming, and biking. STRENGTH BUILDING exercises include stretching, lifting weights, and yoga.
LOW BLOOD SUGAR can occur with exercise. Too much exercise or not enough food may cause it. Eating a snack before exercising can prevent low blood sugar levels. If your exercise activity is extended over a period of time, you can prevent low blood sugar levels by eating a snack every hour.
Be sure to wear proper shoes, socks, and clothing while exercising to avoid blisters or chafing which could result in an infection. Routine exercise will help you feel fit and healthy. Call your healthcare provider if you have difficulty regulating your insulin while you are exercising regularly.
For more information, contact your local chapter of the American Diabetes Association, or call the national office at (800) 232-3472.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
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RECOGNIZING DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION
Drug abuse is use of drugs or alcohol that cause consequences in the abuser's life. Consequences can be physical, mental, family, relationship, work, legal, or financial in nature.
In addition to the common drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, speed (amphetamine), heroin, and marijuana, prescription drugs can also be abused. Many people also abuse nicotine, caffeine, and alcohol. Body builders may abuse anabolic steroids.
Drug abuse can progress to addiction in susceptible individuals. When this occurs, drug use becomes the person's primary focus over his or her other life responsibilities, including health, work, and family.
Some drugs also produce physical dependence and severe withdrawal, when use is stopped without medical supervision. Withdrawal from narcotics, such as heroin and methadone, is extremely uncomfortable and painful. Withdrawal from alcohol and other sedative hypnotics can be life-threatening, causing seizures and delirium.
As abuse progresses into addiction, an individual becomes more isolated. Initially, social functions and community activities will be let go. As this progresses, work and family responsibility go by the wayside and drug use becomes the primary focus.
If you are concerned about someone having an alcohol or drug problem, please consult a healthcare provider, counselor, or treatment center. For more information, please call the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence at (800) NCA-CALL, or 800-622-2255.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File DRUG4437.rf2 VMX# 4437 Data Version 5.0
Copyright 1999 iMcKesson LLC. All rights reserved.
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TONSILLITIS AND SORE THROAT
Sore throats often involve the tonsils. These are the pair of rounded tissues on either side of the back of the throat. The tonsils help fight infections, but they can become infected themselves. Acute tonsillitis goes along with many throat infections, including strep throat. It is most common in children between the ages of 5 and 10. It usually lasts 4 to 6 days. However, tonsillitis can become a chronic or recurring problem in children or adults.
ACUTE TONSILLITIS BEGINS WITH A MILD TO SEVERE SORE THROAT. OTHER SYMPTOMS MAY INCLUDE:
* fever
* swollen, tender neck glands
* headache
* muscle and joint pain
* loss of appetite
* earache
* breathing through the mouth and
* nausea or vomiting
A person with tonsillitis should go to a healthcare provider for a THROAT CULTURE to check for strep throat. This is especially important for children. Cases of strep throat require antibiotics. It is very important to finish all antibiotic pills, even if symptoms go away. Get plenty of bed rest. Drink plenty of liquids, even though it hurts. Eat soft foods, such as ice cream, soup, or pudding. It helps to gargle with warm salt water.
Many viruses, including mononucleosis, cause tonsillitis. These infections do not require antibiotics. For children age 18 or younger, use medication other than aspirin, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), to relieve pain or reduce fever.
Chronic tonsillitis produces recurrent sore throats. There are often small plugs of pus that emerge from small dents in the tonsils. These may be the size of rice, have a foul odor, and may occur with no other symptoms. Sometimes, the person coughs them out without realizing they are from the tonsils. In severe cases, an abscess develops or the tonsils become quite large obstructing the airway or making swallowing impossible.
Chronic tonsillitis may be a reason for removing the tonsils by surgery. This is a relatively simple procedure, requiring only a short general anesthesia. However, it may require a week or more of recovery.
MEDICATION CAUTIONS:
1. Do NOT give aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or aspirin-containing products to anyone age 18 years or younger because of the risk of a serious illness called Reye's syndrome.
2. Acetaminophen should not be taken by anyone with known liver or kidney disease. Do not drink alcohol when taking more than 1 dose of acetaminophen.
3. Take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with food or milk to prevent stomach irritation. Do NOT give NSAIDs to anyone with asthma or increased risk of bleeding (such as, ulcer disease, following surgery, significant trauma, major dental work, if taking blood thinners [anticoagulants] or have a known bleeding disorder).
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File EARN4459.rf2 VMX# 4459 Data Version 5.0
Copyright 1999-2000 iMcKesson LLC All rights reserved.
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ANOREXIA
Anorexia nervosa is a problem that is often seen among teen girls although it can occur in men and older women. People with anorexia fear and avoid food, and they lose so much weight that they can become seriously sick. Those with anorexia will be at least 15 percent lower than their normal body weight. However, people with anorexia do not see themselves as too thin. They have a distorted view of their body and are fearful they will become fat. They stop eating, or eat very little but often have an extreme preoccupation with food.
It is common for people with anorexia to have strange eating rituals or secrecy about their food and eating habits. They may also seem to be obsessed about exercising as a means to avoid gaining weight.
Anorexia nervosa is more common among girls and women who have very high standards and like to be in control of themselves. Others at risk include athletes, dancers, actors, and models when thinness provides an advantage. Remember, people need to eat to stay alive. People with anorexia are starving themselves.
People with anorexia do not see themselves as too thin. They often appear emaciated, but deny there is a problem. Beside the low body weight, obsession with thinness, and preoccupation with food and exercise, girls often stop having menstrual periods, and men often become impotent. Other characteristics of anorexia are brittle nails and hair, feeling cold, and depression.
Sometimes people with anorexia, also have another eating disorder called bulimia. They force themselves to vomit or take laxatives, often after eating a large amount of food. These people may have badly damaged teeth from the constant vomiting.
While many people are concerned about their weight and appearance, those with anorexia have a more serious problem. The starvation can actually cause very dangerous and deadly health conditions. Complications from anorexia may develop, such as stomach problems, irregular heartbeats, and even heart failure.
New information about anorexia may provide better clues to the treatment of the disease. For instance, it appears that anorexia may run in families. Other information suggests that there may be a problem with some of the normal chemicals in the brain. Anorexia nervosa does not go away or get better alone.
People with anorexia cannot stop their behavior without help. Early treatment is very important. Seek medical help as soon as possible, as anorexia can lead to death.
For more information, contact the Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders Association at (847) 831-3438. Your local chapter for Overeaters Anonymous may have an anorexia support group.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Top
FOOT CARE BASICS
We place great demands on our feet. We use them to support our weight and to propel our body. When our expectations exceed their limitations, our feet let us know. The symptoms may be discomfort or pain. Three out of five adults have painful feet resulting from a variety of foot conditions. Many common foot problems arise from foot abnormalities such as flat feet, high arches, or other similar problems. Some foot problems are made worse by medical conditions such as obesity, poor circulation, arthritis, or diabetes.
COMMON FOOT CONDITIONS INCLUDE:
* corns and calluses
* blisters
* bunions
* ingrown toenails
* hammertoes
* athlete's foot and
* plantar warts
Many people make their foot problems worse by wearing poorly fitting shoes, socks, and stockings. They may also be using the wrong footwear for an activity. Properly caring for your feet can prevent serious problems.
10 TIPS TO KEEP YOUR FEET HEALTHY AND PAIN FREE:
1. Wear shoes that fit your lifestyle. Save high heels for special occasions.
2. Wear shoes geared specifically for the sport in which you are participating and in those activities that you enjoy. For example, wear running shoes when you run, not when you play tennis.
3. All shoes should fit comfortably and provide proper support, cushioning, and room for your toes.
4. Replace worn shoes.
5. Practice daily foot care. Wash your feet with warm water and a mild soap. Thoroughly dry them with a clean towel. Use a moisturizing lotion to help prevent dryness. Avoid moisturizing the areas between the toes. Use cornstarch or baking powder to help keep your feet dry between washings.
6. Wear socks every day that are clean and which draw the moisture away from your feet. Cotton and wool socks and stockings are best. Change socks daily or even more frequently if they become damp.
7. Trim toenails often. Always cut toenails straight across leaving them a little longer at the corners. Use nail clippers to make neat cuts. Do not cut too close or tear away a nail with your fingers or dull scissors. Finish the edge with a nail file.
8. Examine your feet regularly. Check for cuts, scrapes, bruises, calluses, or corns. Swelling or redness may be signs of infection.
9. Get plenty of exercise. Your feet need plenty of exercise to maintain good circulation. They also need rest.
10. Take care to avoid injury and very hot or very cold temperatures.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File FOOT4555.RF2 VMX# 4555 Data Version 5.0
Copyright 1999-2000 iMcKesson LLC. All rights reserved.
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PERIODIC HEALTH EVALUATIONS
One way to prevent or detect early disease is by having periodic health evaluations. The examinations and tests are designed to detect disease and monitor the status of your health. Screening tests may catch a problem at an early, treatable stage. Health care needs vary from person to person, age to age, and situation to situation. Periodic health evaluations may be recommended based upon your specific needs.
HERE ARE 8 COMMON HEALTH EVALUATIONS:
1. A review of your family and personal history determines your risk for chronic or inherited diseases.
2. Hygiene, diet, and exercise habits are identified during a fitness assessment.
3. A sexual evaluation checks growth and development, risk behaviors, birth control options, and disease prevention. This evaluation is based on age and gender.
4. Family relationship problems, personal growth issues, and abuse are determined by social and mental assessments.
5. One's risk is evaluated in a risk appraisal for such things as seat belt and helmet use, sun exposure, housing safety, smoking, drug and alcohol use.
6. Vaccinations are updated for such things as tetanus and hepatitis.
7. Tests (such as blood or urine analysis, ECG, and mammogram) screen for diseases and other conditions.
8. A physical exam assesses one's overall health and is based on gender and age.
Your healthcare provider will review these findings and your history and recommend treatment or prevention. How often you return for care will depend upon your age, health, family history, risk factors, and health conditions.
TO MAXIMIZE YOUR HEALTH, BE SURE TO:
* eat a well-balanced, low fat, and high fiber diet
* do not smoke or use illegal drugs
* use alcohol moderately, if at all
* always use safety devices (such as bike helmets and seat belts) and
* exercise regularly
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File FOOT4555.RF2 VMX# 4555 Data Version 5.0
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HIV / AIDS
In 1980, no one knew about Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Now almost everyone is aware. Still, many people do not know how HIV is transmitted and who is at risk for infection.
It takes an average of 11 years before someone infected with the HIV virus actually develops AIDS. During this time, many people who are infected feel fine, look well, and may not know they have the virus. Unfortunately they can pass the virus on to others during these years.
HIV IS PASSED TO OTHERS BY:
* sharing contaminated needles
* having sexual intercourse without a latex or plastic condom with an HIV-positive partner
* an HIV-infected mother to her baby during pregnancy
* having oral sex with an HIV-positive partner and
* having direct intimate contact with body fluids, such as blood, vaginal secretions, or semen
Casual contact does not transmit HIV. People of any age, race, or sex can become infected if exposed. The fastest growing groups include black men, heterosexuals, women, and teens. HIV is an “equal opportunity virus.”
Three to 6 weeks after people are exposed and infected with HIV, most will get the "HIV flu." Symptoms of this include a sore throat, rash, fatigue, and swollen lymph glands. This "flu" resolves in one to two weeks. After this, there is usually a long period during which the virus is growing inside the body.
The person who is infected may have swollen glands and fatigue, but otherwise feels OK. HIV infects special immune system cells called T-helpers or CD4 cells. These cells help fight off infections. As HIV disease progresses, the number of these T-helper cells is diminished, resulting in a loss of ability to fight off infections.
Symptoms of AIDS eventually start to occur. These may be non-specific, such as loss of appetite, fatigue, and night sweats. More specific symptoms include thrush, vaginal yeast infections, skin conditions, and dental problems. Serious infections may begin to occur when the T-helper cell count falls to less than 25 percent of normal. It is at this time that a person is said to have AIDS.
HIV can now be treated, though not cured. HIV is, however, completely preventable. Talk to your partner, and talk to your kids. Take responsibility for the steps required to stay free of HIV. You are worth it.
For more information on HIV and AIDS, call the 24-hour National AIDS Hotline at (800) 342-2437. The Spanish speaking Hotline at (800) 344-7432 is available between the hours of 8:00 AM and 2:00 AM eastern standard time 7 days a week.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File HIVI4612.RF2 VMX# 4612 Data Version 5.0
Copyright 1999-2000 iMcKesson LLC. All rights reserved.
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HORMONAL METABOLIC DISORDERS
A hormone is a substance made by one tissue and carried by the bloodstream to another tissue in which it exerts some effect. Hormones affect growth and metabolism.
Hormonal metabolic disorders may occur when:
* they are inherited
* there is too much hormone
* there is too little, or no, hormone present
* the target tissue cannot use the hormone or
* the hormone is abnormal
Common examples of hormonal metabolic disorders include:
* diabetes
* hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
* acromegaly and
* Cushing's Disease
There are many reasons that these glands and target tissues may fail. They include:
* exposure to infectious diseases
* tissue death
* tumors
* autoimmune problems (when your own body attacks its own tissues)
* heredity
* use of steroid medications and
* nutritional deficiencies
If you have a hormone disorder, your symptoms will vary based upon the affected tissue. Any unintentional change from what is normal for you should be mentioned to your healthcare provider. Examples include unexplained:
* weight loss, or gain
* increased fatigue
* darkening or thickening of the skin
* increase or decrease in hairiness
* change in libido or sexual functioning
* changes in mood or personality and
* increased thirst, hunger or urination
Treatment is available for most hormonal problems. This may be done with hormone replacement, or by destruction or removal of abnormal glandular tissue to control excess production of the hormone.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File HORM4704.rf2 VMX# 4704 Data Version 5.0
Copyright 1999-2000 iMcKesson LLC. All rights reserved.
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SIGNS OF INJURY INFECTION
Anytime the skin is broken, there is a possibility that an infection will happen. Normally, the skin protects the body from allowing infectious organisms to enter. A cut in the skin, however, provides an opening through which infection-causing bacteria, viruses, and fungi can enter.
An infection may be localized, which means it develops only in one place on the body, or it may be systemic and spread throughout the body by the bloodstream.
A localized infection may cause one or more of the following symptoms in the area of the broken skin:
* skin that is warm or hot
* pain
* a pus-like discharge
* redness and
* swelling
In addition, fever and chills may accompany a localized infection.
A minor, localized infection may appear pink and warm to the touch. Many minor, localized infections can be cared for at home and do not require a trip to the healthcare provider.
SELF-CARE FOR SYMPTOMS OF A MINOR, LOCALIZED INFECTION INCLUDE:
* wash the infected area daily with soap and water
* apply a disinfectant, such as Bactine to the infection 2 or 3 times each day
* cover the infected area lightly with a dry gauze bandage or a bandaid and
* inspect the infected area daily to check for signs of a more serious infection (These signs are increased redness, pain, swelling or pus.)
WITHOUT PROPER CARE, a localized infection can cause more serious problems, such as:
* develop into a serious infection called "cellulitis" or
* become toxic and turn into a systemic infection
IF A LOCALIZED INFECTION DEVELOPS INTO A SYSTEMIC INFECTION, ADDITIONAL SYMPTOMS DEVELOP INCLUDING:
* fever
* shaking chills
* overall weakness and
* joint aches
If cellulitis (a serious local infection) develops, the skin around the wound will probably become raised, red, painful, and thickened in texture.
SYMPTOMS OF CELLULITIS MAY INCLUDE:
* swollen lymph
nodes
* red streaks on the skin
* fever
* chills and
* shaking
SEE A HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IF YOU ARE EXPERIENCING ANY OF THE SYMPTOMS OF A:
* systemic infection
* cellulitis infection or
* localized infection that has not cleared up in 3 to 4 days
Systemic infections can be life-threatening and serious infections with other complications can result in serious tissue damage if left untreated.
Infections of the face (especially around the eyes) or infections in young children, the elderly, or someone who has an underlying medical condition should be seen by a healthcare provider. This is because:
* the face provides many openings through which infectious organisms can gain access to vital organs (such as the brain)
* an eye infection can cause permanent eye damage and vision loss
* young children, the elderly, and people with underlying medical conditions may be more likely to develop complications of infection and
* people with an immune problem (such as diabetes, blood disorders, kidney failure, and HIV/AIDS) can have worsening infections with little or no signs and symptoms
TO AVOID INFECTION, FOLLOW THESE GUIDELINES:
* keep hands clean
* do not pick at sores or blemishes
* wash any cut or scratch with soap and water and
* place a bandage over the area to keep germs out (do not bandage injuries too tightly)
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File INFE4720.RF2 VMX# 4720 (Same as SKIN4984) Data Version 5.0
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YOU AND YOUR PHARMACIST
Pharmacists are a part of your healthcare team. They provide a key role in patient care. A good relationship between you and your pharmacist could save your life.
Pharmacists are an excellent source of information. Whether you have a question about a prescription or medicines sold over the counter, such as cold or cough remedies, your pharmacist can help you.
When giving medication to you, the pharmacist should provide you with the following information:
* the name and type of the medicine
* instructions for using and storing the medicine
* common side effects and
* potential food, drug, or other interactions with the medicine
These services are required by law in many states. If your pharmacist is not providing this information, ask for it.
Provide a list to your pharmacist of all the medicines that you are taking so that a check can be made for possible dangerous drug interactions. This is true even if you get the prescription filled at another drugstore or the medicine does not require a prescription, such as aspirin or vitamins.
Pharmacists must keep information about you and your medicines confidential. This means that people who are not involved with your healthcare cannot find out about your medicines or health condition without your permission.
Pharmacists are medication experts. Use your pharmacist to make sure you are taking your medicines correctly and that they are safe for you.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
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MOTHERING AN INFANT
At last, after months of pregnancy and hours of labor, your baby is born. Being the mother of a new baby is a huge responsibility. Unfortunately, it is a job for which we get very little training. You learn mothering skills by taking care of your baby. None of us, male or female, know instinctively how to change a diaper. That's something we learn, just as we learn the best way to hold a fussy baby. While we are learning how to do something new, chances are we will feel unsure of ourselves.
HERE ARE SOME SUGGESTIONS THAT WILL HELP BUILD YOUR CONFIDENCE AS A MOTHER:
* BELIEVE IN YOUR ABILITY TO BE A GOOD MOTHER. Give yourself credit for things you do well and build on them. For some women, recalling times caring for little brothers and sisters or nieces and nephews reminds them of their strengths.
* FOCUS ON THE BABY'S BASIC NEEDS. Babies need love, affection, food and warmth. Holding the baby, making eye contact, feeding, and changing are the most important things in life for a newborn. Meeting your baby's needs builds confidence in your parenting skills.
* GIVE YOURSELF PERMISSION TO LET GO OF ADVICE THAT DOES NOT WORK FOR YOU. Each baby is different, and you are a different mother than your friend or relative.
* GET SOME HELP. Ask family members or friends to help with shopping, cleaning or cooking. Discuss with your baby's father chores that he can take over. Although he may not do things the way you do, his way may work as well, or even better, than yours.
* GET SOME REST. You need sleep to restore your energy. Nap when the baby does.
* SHARE YOUR EXPERIENCE. Plan outings with other new mothers. Join a moms-and-tots group. Plan a reunion with other families from your childbirth education class.
* RELAX. The best gift you can give your baby is time with you. No expensive toys or gadgets are as important as you are in your baby's life. You and your child have a special relationship. It will unfold as both of you grow and change. Remember to listen with your heart and see with the eyes of love.
To learn more, ask your healthcare provider or childbirth educator if there is a "Life with a Newborn" class. Any time you are concerned about your baby's health or your ability to care for your baby, do not be afraid to ask for help from relatives or friends. Always feel free to check with your healthcare provider.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
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A GUIDE TO GOOD EATING
Every day new ideas are revealed for what and how we should eat. These range from oat bran to prevent heart disease to the latest cabbage diet for weight loss. There are lots of food and diet recommendations in the marketplace today, but how does one know if they are correct and reliable?
The U.S. Dietary Guidelines offer the best advice to follow. They are based on the opinions of dozens of nutrition experts from across the nation.
TO MAINTAIN HEALTH AND HELP PREVENT DISEASE, THE US DIETARY GUIDELINES MAKE THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS:
* eat a variety of foods by choosing a diet with plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
* choose a diet low in cholesterol and saturated fats and foods made with shortening
* use cooking oil made of monounsaturated fats such as olive and canola oils
* choose a diet moderate in sodium and salt
* balance the food you eat with daily physical activity
* do not exceed two drinks a day, if you drink alcohol
If you follow these guidelines, you will usually not need additional vitamins, minerals, or supplements. The exception to this is the case of a medical condition that does not allow taking in or absorbing enough nutrients, or where nutritional needs are very high. Examples include:
* vitamin supplementation for pregnant and lactating women
* calcium supplementation for women to prevent osteoporosis
* iron supplementation for treatment of anemia
* fat soluble vitamins for children with cystic fibrosis or
* supplementation for wasting or malabsorptive diseases
If your food intake is not sufficient, or you have a chronic condition, ask your healthcare provider about your need for nutritional supplementation. Never exceed the Daily Recommended Intake (also known as DRI) for a vitamin or mineral supplement. Doing so can be harmful to your health.
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MEDICINES
Medicines are a great benefit to our lives. They relieve pain or cure conditions that years ago would have been fatal. However, it is important to use medicines as directed. Many may be very dangerous if used improperly.
FOLLOW THESE PRECAUTIONS:
* Take prescription medications only if they were prescribed to you personally. Never take someone else's medicine. Carefully follow the label instructions. Check with your pharmacist or healthcare provider if you have any questions.
* Make sure that your healthcare provider knows about all of the medications you take. This includes over-the-counter medicines. Some medications are ineffective or have dangerous side effects when taken with other medications.
* Discard old medications you are no longer using. A good way is to flush them down the toilet.
Also discard any medication if you can no longer read its label.
* Never mix different medications in the same container.
* Use child-resistant caps on all medicine containers.
* Keep medications locked up in a cabinet.
* Do not try to get a child to take his medicine by telling him it "tastes good" or that it "is like candy." Some non-prescription medicines that indeed do taste good are dangerous when taken in large quantities. Some examples are aspirin and vitamin pills with iron.
* If you need your glasses to read, make sure you have them on when taking medicine. This way you can be sure you have the right medicine. For the same reason, be sure to turn on the light when taking medicine at night.
* If you think that a particular medicine is not working, contact your healthcare provider right away. Also let him or her know if it makes you feel funny, or if it is causing an unexpected or unpleasant side effect.
* Keep the phone number of your poison-control center posted near the phone. You can call them with any questions about medications, their effects, or about overdoses or accidental poisonings. If you do not have a local or state number, call 911 for emergency help
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
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PREGNANCY PLANNING
Thinking about having a baby? If you are using birth control, ask your healthcare provider when to stop using it. Doctors recommend that birth control pills are stopped 2 to 3 months before you would like to become pregnant. This gives your body time to get back to its regular cycle. Use condoms and a spermicide during that time. Your baby has a better chance of being healthy if you are healthy, too.
BEFORE YOU GET PREGNANT, CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:
* IS IT TIME FOR A PAP SMEAR? Be sure to get a complete physical with Pap smear and breast exam before getting pregnant. Find out if you need any immunizations, like rubella.
* ARE YOU THE WEIGHT YOU WANT TO BE? If you want to gain or lose weight, do it now before getting pregnant. Start your pregnancy at an average weight for your height. Every woman usually gains about 30 pounds with pregnancy. For a healthy baby, most women who start a pregnancy underweight will need to gain more. Women who are overweight will need to gain less.
* ARE YOU DOING EXERCISE YOU ENJOY? Most women who exercise before pregnancy can continue to do so until the baby is born. Start now. It's easier to keep doing an activity you enjoy. Discuss exercise with your healthcare provider to determine what is best for your baby and you.
* DO YOU SMOKE CIGARETTES? DRINK ALCOHOL? Use any drugs or medication? It's time to rethink! Smoking cigarettes during pregnancy can slow your baby's growth. It can also cause birth to occur too early. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can harm your baby's brain. If you take prescription medication, talk to your healthcare provider about your plans to become pregnant. Your medication can be changed as needed.
* ARE YOU WORRIED ABOUT BIRTH DEFECTS? A vitamin called folic acid can reduce the risk of spinal cord defects like spina bifida. Before you get pregnant, begin taking a vitamin preparation with 400 micrograms of folic acid in it each day. Ask your healthcare provider about taking a pre-natal vitamin and mineral supplement with iron.
* HAVE CHILDREN WITH BIRTH DEFECTS BEEN BORN TO MEMBERS OF YOUR FAMILY? If so, you and your partner can talk with a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor will ask about your family's medical history. The counselor can give you a better idea if your baby might be at risk.
Take care of yourself, and have a healthy baby!
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
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CPR: A TECHNIQUE YOU SHOULD KNOW
CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is an emergency life-saving procedure used on someone who is not breathing and has no pulse. A trained rescuer fills the victim's lungs with air and administers chest compressions to pump blood from the heart through the body. Thousands of lives are saved each year through the timely use of CPR.
CPR is a procedure that must be properly and promptly performed until emergency medical help arrives. Certification is required to be qualified to give CPR. The American Red Cross and the American Heart Association set the standards for CPR certification. CPR classes are open to the public and are held in locations like hospitals, fire departments, and community centers.
The most popular class is the adult CPR. Information is provided on the signs and symptoms of a stroke or heart attack as well as ways to reduce your risk if developing these problems. Instruction is given on how to properly:
* open an unconscious adult's airway
* remove a foreign body from the airway
* restart breathing and
* give chest compressions
Instruction classes are also available for infant and child CPR. It is important that a special class be taken for these age groups because the procedures are different. Some classes combine the training for both the adult CPR and infant and child CPR certifications. CPR classes can provide you with the skills to save a life.
Even if you are not trained in CPR, you can still notify the emergency medical system that help is needed. Do this by calling 911.
For more information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation and other life-saving skills, contact your local chapter of the American Heart Association or the American Red Cross.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File PREP4903.rf2 VMX# 6108 Data Version 5.0
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SHORTNESS OF BREATH
Shortness of breath is the feeling of having difficulty breathing or uncomfortable breathing. Most people experience shortness of breath if they exercise harder or do heavier work then they did before. In a healthy person, shortness of breath improves with rest. There are many physical disorders that may cause shortness of breath even when resting.
Shortness of breath happens when the body's needs exceed the ability of the lungs and chest muscles to deliver oxygen. There are many possible causes.
LUNG DISORDERS THAT CAUSE SHORTNESS OF BREATH INCLUDE:
* lung damage from smoking or exposure to dusts or chemicals
* asthma, emphysema, and other airway obstruction
* restrictive diseases (such as fibrosis)
* cancer
* pneumonia and other infections or
* a collapsed lung
Shortness of breath can also be caused by heart disease or heart failure. Some heart problems cause breathing problems only when one is lying down or sleeping. It usually stops when the person sits up or stands. This is a sign of a serious problem.
OTHER CAUSES OF SHORTNESS OF BREATH INCLUDE:
* chronic anemia
* hemorrhage
* diabetes
* a brain lesion
* choking
* swollen tonsils
* a bee sting in the mouth or throat and
* rapid breathing due to feeling anxious
If you have a hard time breathing or a marked change in your ability to exercise, consult your healthcare provider. If you are a smoker, stop now.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File RESP4936.RF2 VMX# 4936 Data Version 5.0
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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Sexually transmitted diseases (also called STDs) are infections that are passed on from one person to another through sexual contact. More than 20 STDs have now been identified and they affect millions of men and women all over the world. STDs can severely impact your health. Because sexually transmitted diseases often cause no symptoms, they may go untreated and result in severe complications, especially for women. COMPLICATIONS from STDs for women include tubal pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and problem pregnancies.
Understanding the basic facts about STDs -- how they are spread, the common symptoms, and how they can be treated -- is the first step toward prevention. It is also important to understand that sexual contact includes vaginal and anal intercourse, as well as kissing, oral-genital contact, and the use of sex "toys," such as vibrators.
Common SYMPTOMS of STDs include:
* discharge from the vagina or penis
* burning with urination
* rash, bumps, or sores in the genital area (These may be painful.)
Key FACTS about STDs include:
* STDs affect men and women of all backgrounds and economic levels. They are most prevalent in people younger than 25 years of age.
* The number of people affected by STDs is rising. Sexually active people today are more likely to have multiple sex partners during their lives and are more at risk for STDs.
* STDs may cause no symptoms. A person who is infected may not know it and pass the disease on to a sex partner. Periodic testing is recommended for persons who have more than one sex partner.
* STDs tend to cause more severe health problems for women, such as death from a tubal pregnancy, cancer of the cervix, and passing on the infections to a newborn baby.
* When diagnosed and treated early, many STDs can be treated. Some STDs caused by viruses, such as herpes, HIV, and genital warts, have no cure.
PREVENTING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
The best way to prevent STDs is to avoid any sexual contact with others. If you decide to become sexually active, there are some steps you can take to reduce your risk of becoming infected with STDs:
* Have a mutually monogamous sexual relationship with an uninfected partner.
* Correctly and consistently use a male condom. Using latex condoms reduces the risk of infection for some STDs but does not provide full protection against genital warts, syphilis and HIV. Condoms should not be reused.
* If you use needles to inject drugs (into a vein or muscle), always use clean needles.
* Delay having sexual relations as long as possible. The younger you are when you begin having sex, the more likely it is that you will develop an STD.
If you are sexually active, have periodic checkups for STDs, especially if having sex with a new partner. If you suspect that you may have been exposed to or have a sexually transmitted disease, avoid all sexual activity and seek care immediately.
Sometimes people are too embarrassed or frightened to seek care or ask for information. It is important to remember that early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and spread of the disease to sex partners. Contact your healthcare provider, local health department, family planning clinic, or local STD clinic for more information about STDs and treatment.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File SEXU4954.rf2 VMX# 4954 Data Version 5.0
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ACNE
Acne is a problem for many adults as well as for many teenagers. Acne flare-ups are linked to hormonal changes, not poor health or food choices. Acne develops when rising hormone levels cause the skin's oil glands to increase in size, to produce more oil, and to increase shedding of cells. This process mixes oil, bacteria, and skin cells together. As a result, the openings of the skin (skin pores) clog up, creating pimples and larger bumps.
Pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and occasional boil-like cysts are all part of acne. Severe acne, when left untreated, can cause permanent scarring. While there is no cure, acne symptoms can be kept under control with proper care. Acne goes away in time without treatment.
Stress, oral contraceptives, and too little rest can aggravate acne. So can oil-based cosmetics, some drugs, and sweaty exercise in non-absorbent clothes.
FOLLOW THESE GUIDELINES TO MANAGE ACNE:
* gently wash the affected areas every day with a mild soap like Dove, Aveeno, or Neutrogena, or one with benzoyl peroxide, such as Oxy-Sensitive (Facial steam baths irritate acne.)
* apply an over-the counter drying lotion or cream that contains benzoyl peroxide
* do not pop pimples and blackheads (Infection and scarring could result if you do.)
* use only water-based lotions and cosmetics that do not clog the skin pores
* wash long hair daily and keep it off your face
* avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet lamps because of their potential skin damaging effects
Severe acne conditions need medical care. Prescriptions for lotions, ointments, antibiotics, or other drugs may be necessary for managing problems associated with acne.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File SEXU4954.rf2 VMX# 4954 Data Version 5.0
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SMOKING AND YOUR HEALTH
Smoking adversely affects your health. If you smoke, quitting is the single best thing you can do for your health. Tobacco smoke contains tar. Tar is made up of over 4,000 chemicals with at least 43 known to cause cancer. Some of these substances cause heart and respiratory diseases, all of which are disabling and can cause death.
You might be surprised to know some of the chemicals and gases found in tobacco smoke. They include:
* cyanide, benzene, formaldehyde, methanol, acetylene (the fuel used in torches), and ammonia
* nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide, both poisonous gases and
* nicotine, an addictive drug
Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking increase the risk of cancer. Tobacco use accounts for 30 percent, or one in three, of all cancer deaths in the United States. Smoking is responsible for almost 90 percent of lung cancers among men and more than 70 percent among women. Smoking is a major risk factor for cancer of the mouth, larynx, esophagus, kidney and bladder.
Tobacco smoking causes several lung diseases. Chronic bronchitis is a common ailment for smokers. Smoking is also the major cause of emphysema. This disease slowly destroys a person's ability to breathe. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema together kill about 81,000 people each year. Smoking is responsible for more than 65,000 of these deaths.
Smoking increases the risk of heart disease, which is America's number one killer. Almost 180,000 Americans die each year from cardiovascular diseases. Smoking doubles the risk of heart disease. Also, of those who have had a heart attack, smokers are more likely to have another.
For the pregnant woman, the risk is not just to herself, but to her unborn baby. The woman who smokes has a greater chance of losing her baby during pregnancy. Or, the baby may be born too early or too small. These babies may have a hard time breathing when they are born.
If you need help to quit smoking or would like more information to help someone you care about that smokes, contact the American Lung Association at (800) LUNG-USA, or their local chapter in your area.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File SEXU4954.rf2 VMX# 4954 Data Version 5.0
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STRESS: 10 WAYS TO MANAGE IT
Stress will always be a part of our lives. Going to school, starting a new job, marrying, raising a family, being promoted, growing old, and facing illness or death all have some stress related to them.
It is important to learn how to avoid unnecessary stress and to learn how to control harmful responses. It is not always easy to deal with stress.
THE TOP TEN STRESS-BUSTERS FOR MANAGING STRESS:
1. Do something just for yourself. A trip to the hairdresser or barber, or having a therapeutic massage can do wonders when you're under a lot of stress.
2. Share how you are feeling with someone you can trust and who will listen to you, such as a family member, friend, healthcare provider, or clergy. There is an old saying that "A joy shared is doubled, and a sorrow shared is halved."
3. Exercising at least 3 days a week for at least 30 minutes each time improves your fitness and your sense of well-being.
4. Try not to "self-medicate" with food, alcohol, or over-the-counter medicines. Covering up a problem can make the stress even worse. Medications such as tranquilizers or sleeping pills ordered by your healthcare provider should be used as they are prescribed.
5. Eat at least one hot meal a day. Good nutrition is important because it gives your body the fuel it needs to deal with daily stress and hassles.
6. If you are a smoker, stop smoking and start breathing clean air. Smoking and stress are a dangerous combination. Your healthcare provider can help you find a smoking reduction or cessation program.
7. If you are a coffee or cola lover, cut down on these and other drinks that contain caffeine.
8. Learn and use meditation or relaxation exercises. Check with your local community center or community college to see if training is offered for yoga, meditation, tai chi, biofeedback, or other stress-relieving activities of interest to you.
9. We have all heard the adage, "laughter is the best medicine.” It is. Laughing releases chemicals in the brain that help promote a relaxation response. Rent a comedy from a video store. Share it with friends and laugh your stressors away.
10. Get regular physical exams. Your healthcare provider can spot health problems related to stress and can provide you with suggestions and may refer you for any problems related to stress.
Remember, negative effects related to stress do not have to affect how you live and work.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File SEXU4954.rf2 VMX# 4954 Data Version 5.0
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WOMEN AND URINARY INFECTION
Urinary tract infections are common in women. About 10 to 20 percent of all women get a lower urinary tract infection at least once. Infection is most likely in sexually active women ages 20 to 40. It occurs often when a woman becomes sexually active for the first time or after a long spell of not being sexually active.
Most bladder infections enter from the urethra. The urethra is the body's tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. In women, the urethra is a short tube. All women have bacteria residing near the opening of the urethra, which is located near the top of the opening to the vagina. The bacteria are normally kept under control by our immune defenses. Passing urine acts to flush germs out. Sometimes a sexual partner carries the infecting bacteria. In this case, both partners should be treated to clear up the infection.
SOME FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INFECTION IN WOMEN ARE:
* irritation from feminine hygiene spray
* irritation from sexual intercourse
* bladder stones that block urine flow and irritate linings
* pregnancy
* nerve problems affecting the bladder
* having a catheter in the bladder
* using a diaphragm and spermicide for birth control
* history of urinary tract infections or
* sexually transmitted diseases
A WOMAN WITH A URINARY INFECTION MAY HAVE THE FOLLOWING SYMPTOMS:
* an urgent and frequent need to urinate
* difficulty, pain, or burning during urination
* cramps or tenderness in the bladder area
* blood in the urine
* fever or chills or
* low back pain
High counts of bacteria in urine suggest an infection, but a urine culture is needed to confirm an infection. Urine cultures take a few days to complete and treatment usually is started on the same day you see your healthcare provider. When the urine culture and sensitivity results are available, the medication may be changed depending on the specific bacteria and what it is sensitive to.
Most infections respond well to antibiotic treatment. However, recurrence is possible.
TO AVOID A RECURRENCE:
* drink a lot of water, at least 64 ounces every day
* use condoms for having intercourse
* make sure that birth control diaphragms fit properly. If they are too large, they may put pressure on the neck of the bladder and
* take all your medication as ordered until it is all gone
Bladder infections can spread to the kidneys and cause serious health problems. If you have symptoms of a bladder infection, consult your healthcare provider.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
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CHOOSING A COMMERCIAL DIET PROGRAM
Choosing the right weight loss program can be difficult. New programs continue to attract consumers with claims to promote "quick" weight loss with little effort. Unfortunately, many diet programs lack the necessary data to support their claims of lasting weight loss. Most commercial weight loss programs only provide a short-term answer to the problem of being overweight.
Many people become quickly dissatisfied with the restrictive diets that most commercial diet programs offer. Some of these programs provide very low calorie diets (1000 to 800 calories per day) and require weigh-ins. Others require clients to purchase their pre-packaged low-fat meals that can be very expensive. Pre-packaged meals are appealing because the difficult choice about what to eat is avoided. However, in the long run, maintaining weight loss may be difficult because meal-planning skills for a long-lasting change are not taught.
Other diets such as liquid meal replacement plans may be harmful because over time they can cause nutritional deficiencies. Also, due to the unrealistic expectations associated with these products, consumers are often left with only a sense of guilt and failure. It is difficult to stick with these programs and lose weight.
Studies show that fad diets usually result in the regaining of weight lost and, in many cases, more weight was regained than was originally lost. Exercise should be a necessary part of any weight loss program and is critical in keeping weight off.
To evaluate whether a commercial diet program offers a safe and healthy way to lose weight, ask the following questions:
* Does the diet exclude any of the major food groups?
* Does the diet exclude any certain foods that may be "bad?"
* Is a "quick fix" promised versus a gradual weight loss?
* Is a diet of less than 1200 calories per day recommended?
* Does the program exclude behavior modification and exercise components?
If the answer is yes to any of the above questions, then the diet program probably is NOT a healthy choice. Remember, gradual changes in eating behaviors include:
* the intake of a variety of foods and
* daily exercise
These steps will result in a slow healthy weight loss of one pound per week. Ask for advice from your healthcare provider before choosing a commercial weight loss program. Top
FEMININE HYGIENE
We are told daily by TV and magazines that women need soaps, sprays, pads, and perfumes. So what is the truth? The human body has its own protection. The goal of our daily care is to keep our bodies functioning as they should.
Our skin protects us from the world. Although we need to clean our bodies of dirt and germs, the skin needs its natural oils to work well. Gentle washing with mild soaps and warm, not too hot, water is all that is needed. Buffing or other rough treatment should be used only on tough skin like our feet. Daily moisturizing with a cream containing a sunscreen will protect our skin from the sun's harmful effects, like skin cancers and wrinkles. Apply this to all areas not covered by clothes.
The skin of a woman's private area also works to protect her from germs. There are natural oils and discharge that keep this area healthy. The skin and the lining of the vagina is very sensitive. Any chemical or perfume can break down the natural protection of this area and even help start infections. Gentle daily cleaning on the outside skin is all that is needed.
The vagina produces a natural cleaning liquid that works its way out of the vagina daily. When women remove or absorb this with douches, tampons, or pads, they are removing the best protection against infections and odor. Regular use of such things as minipads can even make our body form more discharge trying to protect itself. Limit these pads to the times when you may spot with your period.
Everyone's private area has a normal odor that cannot be removed or covered no matter how much we try. Deodorants and perfumes added to pads and tampons may cause allergy problems on this sensitive skin. If the odor is strong or the discharge yellow, this may indicate that something is wrong. An exam by your healthcare provider may be needed to find the cause.
Women in menopause may notice that the natural moisture of the vagina is gone. Sex, and even walking, can become uncomfortable because of this dryness. The skin cannot protect itself and may need more wetness. There are several ways to take care of this. Hormones, taken regularly, can help with this problem. Over-the-counter gels and inserts have also been made to help women with this type of dryness. Be sure to use only those that are unscented.
If these agents do not improve the problem, see your healthcare provider.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
CMX File SEXU4954.rf2 VMX# 4954 Data Version 5.0
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